Enzyme Kinetics Lab Report Sample

Enzyme Kinetics Lab Report Paper Analyzing absorbency of the solutions with spectrophotometers will determine the reaction rate. To test the optimal pH, the starch and a buffer were combined at a specific pH level and tested the absorbency of a solution at various times. To resolve the reaction rate of a solution at various temperatures, the solution was put into water both set to a specific temperature and its absorbency was recorded at different times. Four specific graphs were drawn to determine at which pH level and temperature was the optimum for the enzyme after the experiment. Although hypothesis that I made that it would work best under temperature near 40 and at a pH f around 4, through my results the enzyme worked more efficiently under the temperature of 55and pH level at 4. 5. However, since the whole testing experimental was taken only once; we can not state that the result was precisely accurate. Introduction: The catalysts are the substance that speeds up chemical reactions in living organisms. The enzymes are the protein catalysts to lower the activation energy of a reactant. Enzymes are not able cause an inefficient reaction to occur and only able to increase the rate of biochemical reaction. The molecule that is reacting in enzymatic reaction is called a substrate. When an enzyme and substrate congregate together, then it forms an enzyme-substrate complex. As the enzyme works to accelerate the chemical reaction changes catalytic property and ultimately it decomposed. The rate of the enzymatic reaction is when the rate at which the enzyme- substrate complex forms and it decomposes to form the product. There are two factors that formulate enzymatic reaction. We will write a custom essay sample on Enzyme Kinetics Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Enzyme Kinetics Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Enzyme Kinetics Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The first factor is that time required by the enzyme to alter the substrate to its product, and the second factor is the rate that it takes to form the enzyme-substrate complex. A typical enzymatic reaction shows a fading of the substrate after an extended period of time. The substrate becomes a part of the product during this reaction, diminishing the probability that an enzyme molecule would have during the reaction, reducing the chances that an enzyme molecule would have to meet with substrate molecule leading to a decrease of the reaction rate. Temperature and pH WOUld be the other factors that related with a change in the rate of an enzymatic reaction. At particular pH and temperature levels, the enzyme performs its best but if the two factors are either excessively high or excessively low, it can cause the enzyme to denature and diminishing the reaction rate. In this research, we used the enzyme -amylase, where found in both plants and animals. Amylase hydrolysis starch, glycogen, and Dexedrine to form glucose and maltose. (Brewing 2002) In animals -amylase is digestive enzymes that made from mainly within the pancreas and salivary glands to break down starches form the nutrients. Great Vista Chemicals, 2005) Human amylase has an optimum pH of 7. 2-7. 4, and denatures at temperatures above 60. Research Machines, 2005) With the warm condition enzymes like -amylase have been said to work the most efficiently, which is around 40. It was also stated that they work best in the acidic rage from 3. 5 to 5. 5. (Thermometric Mould s in Biotechnology, 1999) With preceding experiments, a hypothesis can be stated that the optimal pH of -amylase would occur m at a temperature near 40 and pH at around 4. This experiment would examine the hypothesis and would confirm the optimal of both the temperature and pH of the enzyme -amylase. Materials and Methods: This laboratory research is composed of two main experiments, the first research to examine the starch-iodine solution at different pH levels: 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, 6. 0, 6. 5, and the second research to determine the starch-iodine solution at different temperatures: 15, 30, 45, 55, 60, 70. Before the proceeding of an experiment, makes sure the spectrometer turned on for at least 15 minutes to be warm. After turning on the spectrometer set the wavelength at Mann. Add -amylase to starch-iodine solution. To examine the starch-iodine solution at different pH levels, a ml stock starch and ml of buffer at pH level 4. 5 were placed into an Erlenmeyer flask to set up the reaction flask solution. Adjust spectrophotometer with mixture of ml of distilled water and 0. Ml of the starch iodine in cavetti (the blank). Turn the transmittance knob and set the line at zero. Place the ready blank solution into the spectrophotometer and turned the absorbency knob and set the line at zero. Then added O. 1 ml of the I? SKI indicator into the suspects. Record the first data at 0 minute, add ml of the solution from the reaction flask into a cavetti with I? SKI indicator in it. Then placed cavetti into the spectrophotometer and recorded the absorbency. After recording the initial absorbency at 0 minute the TA put 1 ml of -amylase solution into the reaction flask then began to time the experiment. Every two minutes ml of solution was put into starch-iodine solution. The absorbency was recorded every two minutes for 20 minutes. After recording the absorbency of ml of distilled water and the ml buffer at a pH of 4. 5, remaining pH levels followed same procedure. The experiment of the solution at different temperatures requires almost same procedure but one more step is added. Prepare another solution consisting of ml of distilled water and ml starch-iodine solution and placed them into an Erlenmeyer flask. The Erlenmeyer flask was then placed into a water bath with the temperature set to 45. Make sure the water bath is warm. The spectrophotometer was adjusted with the blank which contained ml of distilled water and 0. Ml of I? SKI. Then set the wavelength of spectrophotometer at Mann. Adjust spectrophotometer with mixture of ml of distilled water and 0. Ml of the starch-iodine in cavetti (the blank). Turn the transmittance knob and set the line at zero. Place the ready blank solution into the spectrophotometer and turned the absorbency knob and set the line at zero. Then added O. 1 ml of the I? SKI indicator into the suspects. Record the first data at O minute, add ml of the solution from the reaction flask into a cavetti with I? SKI indicat or in it. Then placed cavetti into the spectrophotometer and recorded the absorbency. After recording the initial absorbency at minute the TA put 1 ml of -amylase solution into the reaction flask then began to time the experiment. This time every one minute ml of solution was put into starch-iodine solution ill 8 minutes put ml of solution at 10 minutes, then put another ml of solution at 20 minutes. The absorbency was recorded every one minutes for 8 minutes and at 10 minutes and at 20 minutes. After recording the absorbency of ml of distilled water and the ml buffer at a temperature of 45, remaining temperature levels followed same procedure. Two graphs were made when the all the data were written down into two different charts. The first graph was absorbency of reactions at different pH, and second graph was absorbency of reactions at different temperatures. On the graph y-axis indicates the absorbency that is measure by the time which indicated on x-axis during the experiment. The graph showed how the absorbency changed within the period of time. Then the reaction chart had to be completed. First filling out initial and final absorbency for the both different temperature levels and different pH levels, find out the delta of absorbency(? A) and 1/2 of delta absorbency. Then subtract 1/2 of delta absorbency from initial absorbency, and write down the time that 1/2 delta absorbency took. After writing down the time the reaction rate was lactated using this equation: ( A)/(ATA- A). When the reaction rate chart was completed two more graphs were drawn using those values. The reaction rate at different temperatures and different pH levels, the x-axis indicated the temperatures and the pH levels, the y-axis indicated the reaction rate in absorbency per minute. Results: The first graph figure 1 shows that all of the absorbency were decreased over the time. The highest starting absorbency was pH level at 4. 5, and pH level of 4. 0 started with the lowest absorbency. At pH level 5. 0 and 5. 5 the graphs shows some common. The pH level at 4. 5 shows great change in slopes, and the pH level at 4. 0 shows least change. The second graph figure 2, similar graph has been drawn with the first graph. The absorbency of the different temperatures gradually reduced over time. At 1 5 it started with the highest absorbency and at the 70 it started with lowest absorbency. In the figures 2, it seems that all the absorbency started off from lower absorbency than it was in figure 1. It also shows that at 60 and 45 graphs are very similar. The third and the last graphs show the reaction rates. In the figure 3 and 4 the rapes have a shape of bell with peak point. This is the optimal point of the reaction rate. The graph starts with low reaction rate and it increases then it hits the peak point and it decreases to lower reaction rate. The optimal point for the reaction rate at different temperature was at 3) and the optimal point for the reaction rate at different pH level was at 4. 5(Figure 4). Discussion: Before this laboratory experiment, had a base knowledge that after putting the enzyme, -amylase into a starch-iodine solution; I knew the substance concentration would decrease as the time passed. Also I made a hypothesis that under the condition of temperature at 40 and pH at around 4, the enzyme works at best efficiency. The result was little bit off but quite similar to what expected from my hypothesis. The first two graphs (Figurer, Figurer) shows obvious decrease in absorbency as the times increases. The rest of two other graphs (Figurer, Figurer) show how the reaction rates are different at various temperatures and pH levels. Within the information given, my hypothesis of optimal temperature of -amylase would occur at 40. The actual graph shows (Figurer) that optimal rate was at 55. By looking at the graph in Figure 2, I could tell that 55 has the stiffest slope out of all different temperatures. This result was 15 off from what I expected from my hypothesis. For the optimal pH level, the graph in Figure 4 shows that optimal point is at 4. 5. This was very close with my prediction since my hypothesis stated the optimal pH level at around 4. Since, weve done this laboratory experimental only once I could not declare that the result was accurate. Also, an error might have been occurred during this experiment. Those errors occurred from lack of laboratory experiences.

Symbolism essays

Symbolism essays In the novel To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee, symbolism is the key literary device. Symbolism is when one thing stands for another. It is a sin to kill a mockingbird. This is because mockingbirds do not harm anything, they just sing to you. The mockingbird symbolized both Tom Robinson and Boo Radley. Tom Robinson was a respected black man. He supported his family by working hard. He even took time to help others. Tom helped Mayella Ewell even though he had his own chores to do. Mayella took Toms kindness for granted. When Mayella did not get what she wanted from Tom, she tried to get rid of him. She did not want to remember she tempted a Negro, and he turned away from her. Mr. Underwood simply figured it was a sin to kill cripples, be they standing, sitting, or escaping. He likened Toms death to the senseless slaughter of songbirds by hunters and children. Tom Robinson only tried to help Mayella Ewell, he never thought of hurting her. Boo the mockingbird also symbolized Radley. Boo was isolated I his house for most of his life. He kept to himself and never bothered anyone. Mr. Finch, taking the one man whos done you and this town a great service an draggin him with his shy ways into the limelight- to me thats a sin. Boo had always stayed away from people. Now tha t he saved Jem and Scout, people would be going to his house bringing him food. That would be awful for Boo because he does not like to be around people. Boo is like a mockingbird because he never bothered anyone. He did help by saving Jem and Scout from Bob Ewell. It is wrong to hurt something that has never done anything wrong. Just like it is a sin to kill a mockingbird, an innocent man, and a seclude person. ...

Answer the questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Answer the questions - Coursework Example litical, and aristocratic norms of the Enlightenment Age; thus, it was initiated by the need for the rationalization of scientific world (Holborn 411). The period was strongly rationalized by music, visual art, and literature thereby influencing education, historiography, and the natural science. Furthermore, it is worth noting the period was strongly associated with radicalism and liberalism both of which affect the growth and development of nationalism (Holborn 681). To the poet, the period led to the emphasis in emotional poetry thereby making poets to be experienced more on the aesthetic values of their artworks. Artworks were highly appreciated during this period thereby making folk arts to be given noble status. The 1800 poets revived the medievalism so that they could leave population growth, industrialism, and urban sprawl. Gordon A. Craig wrote much on the rise and fall of Germany. In his contribution, he noted the contribution of numerous female authors including Marlene Deitrich. Was born on 27 December 1901 and died on 6th May 1992. She was a German actress and singer with American blood (Holborn 611. She was a self-driven character who developed her profession on her own. She wrote several publications including the 1962, 1979, 1989, and 1990 publication with her 1979 reflecting mainly on the events that took place in Germany. Wilhelm von Humboldt’s new university foundation in Berlin was mainly for field of biogeography. In laying the foundation, Wilhelm von Humboldt advocated that the foundation was to serve a long term and systematic measurement of geographic artifacts or elements. The foundation targets the contemporary meteorological and geomagnetic Measurements. Using the foundation, Wilhelm von Humboldt wanted unify the numerous and diversified scientific branches of knowledge. Notably, this work motivated the holistic universal perception of integrating entities (Holborn 812). Additionally, Humboldt’s work brought numerous professionals

Department of Homeland Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Department of Homeland Security - Essay Example The United States Department of Homeland Security is a cabinet department under the federal Government of the U.S. The main tasks of this department are to protect the United States from terrorist attacks and responding to natural disasters. This department works in order to protect the state within, at and outside its borders. The goal of this department can be defined as â€Å"to prepare, prevent and respond to domestic emergencies, particularly terrorism†.It was in 2003 that the Department of Homeland Security assumed its duties and now it is running with over 200 000 employees, being the third largest cabinet department of the United States. The formation of this department by President Bush was a response act to the September 11th attacks in the United States. The mission of the office was stated as â€Å"to develop and coordinate the implementation of a Comprehensive national strategy to secure the United States from terrorist threats or attacks. The office will coordin ate the executive branch’s efforts to detect, prepare for, prevent, protect against, respond to and recover from terrorist attacks within the United States†. As a first step to achieve their mission the department had come up with a color-coded terrorism risk advisory scale that provides â€Å"comprehensive information about the various risks to the federal, state and local authorities and to the people†. Actions will be intensified and protective measures strengthened if any area or department’s risk level rises... As a first step to achieve their mission the department had come up with a color-coded terrorism risk advisory scale that provides "comprehensive information about the various risks to the federal, state and local authorities and to the people".  Actions will be intensified and protective measures strengthened if any area or department's risk level rises. (Homeland Security) This is considered to be the largest Government reorganization since the U.S. Department of Defence was created. Any agency under the Department of Homeland Security will be housed in anyone of the four major directorates namely Border and Transportation security, Emergency of preparedness and response, Science and Technology and Information Analysis and Infrastructure protection. The Border and Transportation directorate includes representative agencies from Treasury, Justice, Transportation and Agriculture. The Emergency preparedness and response directorate brings together the Federal Emergency Management Ag ency (FEMA), the Strategic National Stockpile and the National Disaster Medical System (HHS), the Emergency, Justice and the National Domestic preparedness office. The scientific and technology directorate includes the CBRN Counter measures programs, Environmental Measurement Lab, National BW Defense Analysis center and Plum Island Animal disease center (for agriculture purpose). The Information and Infrastructure protection directorate includes the Federal Computer Incident Response Center, National Communications System, National Infrastructure Protection Center, Energy Security and Assurance program.  

Intel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Intel - Essay Example To succeed in this changing computing environment, Intel needs to focus on the following key objectives: Intel faces significant competition in the development and market acceptance of technologies and products in this environment. They are a leading provider in the PC and server segments, where they face existing and emerging competition. In the PC segment, smaller mobile devices, such as tablets and smartphones, offered by numerous vendors have become significant competitors to PCs for many usages. They are a relatively new entrant to the segments for tablets, smartphones and similar mobile devices which we believe they should focus on. After identifying the key objectives and analysing the SWOT Analysis, Intel has a distinct opportunity at this time to enter into the mobile market. Â  By entering in the mobile market, Intel can take advantage of an ever increasing demand for the newest and latest smartphones.This growing market of technology has been dominated in recent years by Apple and Samsung. Â   In a recent article, the top selling smartphones worldwide mostly consisted of Samsung and Apple products. Â  Although Apple has the highest selling product in the iPhone 5s, Samsung has the number two, three, four, eight, and ten highest selling smartphones. The Samsung Galaxy S5 is their best at the second spot. In the United States alone, iPhones are still the best seller followed by Samsung. Â  The Android is still the best platform followed by the iOS. Â  As far as OEM’s are concerned, Apple and Samsung are the two big players here in the United States. Intel is the leading semiconductor for many of the components that go into the different operating systems that are found in many of the smartphones today. Â  This is why Intel has the opportunity to step into a market that has been controlled by two companies in recent years. Â  Intel can

Molecular Functions of Secondary Targets

Molecular Functions of Secondary Targets Kasun Ratnayake Identifying the relationship between molecular functions of secondary targets and side effects of drugs Abstract Small molecule drugs can involve in unidentified secondary targets other than its primary target in vivo1. The specific binding interactions should be studied in order to identify the potential effects on certain drugs which are administered1. The identification of secondary targets of a drug could help to solve the possible mechanism of actions which are ambiguous. The characterization and identifying the molecular functions of the off targets can be done using various techniques. Olaparib and veliparib are used as anti-cancer drugs to treat ovarian and breast cancers. Both of these drugs are PARP (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase) inhibitors. In the study Veliparib is used as the model drug to investigate its secondary targets. Veliparib is in phase 2 clinical studies and found to have less side effects compared to Olaparib which is also a PARP inhibitor. Veliparib has side effects such as nausea, vomiting, dehydration, fatigue, white blood cell count decreased, hypotension, haemoglobin decreased, pyrexia, neutropenia, pneumonia, anaemia etc. Olaparib has side effects such as somnolence, fatigue, nausea, thrombocytopenia, loss of appetite etc. according to previous clinical studies. The side effects could be related to the number of secondary targets of a certain drug. If number of secondary targets of a drug is less, then it is more efficient than a drug having higher number of secondary targets for the same enzyme to be inhibited. Therefore this study could lead to find out more efficient drugs for the same disease. In the proposal, trans-cyclooctene (TCO) tagging is used with drugs to efficiently pull down the proteins. Tetrazine beads could be used to have bioorthogonal complementary reaction. A drug Veliparib which is an inhibitor of PARP (poly ADP ribose polymerase) is used as a model system to investigate protein targets. Previous studies on drug olaparib could be used to compare with the results of this drug, velaparib and identify the most effective drug to inhibit PARP with minimum number of secondary protein targets. The properties of these protein targets are identified and it is then compared to identify whether there is a relationship between the side effects of drugs and their molecular functions of the proteins. This characterization could lead to understand the mechanism of action of these drugs on different protein targets and can be used to develop more effective drugs. Also the development of new drugs with fewer side effects can improve the quality of the drugs. Specific aim Ovarian and breast cancers are some of widely distributed cancer types among people. These cancers are occurred due to the mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 human genes.5 The identification of the off target proteins can be done using two cell lines which has been used in previous studies. Ewing’s sarcoma and A2780 ovarian cancer cell lines are used because of its relation to PARP.1 The long term goal of this study will be the identification of the new potential drugs having fewer side effects for various diseases. The long term goal could be achieved by identifying the molecular functions of the secondary targets and further analysis. The short term goal would be the identification of potential anti-cancer drugs with less number of side effects. The hypothesis for the study would be that comparing the side effects with the molecular functions of the protein targets could lead to understand the mechanism of action of the drug. Further studies could be done to analyze these protein targets for different drugs. Rationale of the study can be concluded such that higher number of possible secondary targets for a certain drug could lead to more side effects. For example, if Olaparib has less number of secondary targets than that of Veliparib, then by characterizing these protein targets according to their molecular functions could tell us that there are fewer side eff ects for Olaparib with compared to Veliparib. Specific aim 1: To determine the number of secondary targets of Veliparib, characterize and compare them with that of Olaparib; interpret and relate the data to identify the side effects. The protein targets of Veliparib and Olaparib are determined using bioorthogonal approach combined with SDS-PAGE and Mass spectrometric analysis. The protein targets are then categorized according to their molecular functions and compared with side effects of the drugs. B. Significance section B1. Cancer Cancer is a disease caused due to the unwanted cell growth6. This abnormal cell multiplication can cause to grow tumors and can be spread throughout the body (figure 1). The tumors can be benign or malignant due to uncontrolled spreading of these masses or lumps. Mechanism of cancers is not yet positively identified. Various drugs have been developed to treat different types of cancers.6 B2. PARP PARP (Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase) is an enzyme involves in DNA repair mechanism in living systems.1, 4 There are several mechanisms which are involved when DNA is damaged or mutated. The cell will be survived if the repair mechanism is successful and if it’s not the cell would die. The cancer type cells are formed after the cell death. PARP is playing a major role in the DNA repair mechanism. When a DNA is damaged PARP is activated on the damaged site of the DNA and involves with other proteins to furbish the DNA (figure2). It is important to study the mechanism of PARP because it involves in formation of cancer cells. The inhibition of PARP could lead to alter the DNA repair mechanism and hence it could prevent the formation of cancer cells. B3. Veliparib and Olaparib Veliparib (figure 3) is a small molecule drug which is developed to treat breast and ovarian cancer. It is a PARP inhibitor. Veliparib has successfully undergone phase 1 clinical trials and currently involving in phase 2 clinical trials2. Various number of side effects are reported for Veliparib according to the studies3. Olaparib (figure 4) is a pharmaceutical drug developed to treat ovarian and breast cancer. It is said to be inhibit PARP and involved in slowing down the growth of cancer cells. Olaparib is reported to have started its phase 3 clinical trials. Recent findings show that it has fewer side effects than the other similar drugs which are used as anti-cancer drugs involved as PARP inhibitors. B4. This proposal Previous studies have been done with â€Å"Olaparib†.1,4 The Weissleder group has identified possible secondary protein targets of Olaparib and has characterized them. They have done a DNA relaxation assay to identify the drug binding affinity of drug with TOP2A, an identified secondary target protein which is involved in DNA unwinding activity in transcription. The DNA unwinding activity is not affected by the drug Olaparib. Yet, it is important to do molecular function studies for other identified secondary targets to determine whether there is any correlation with side effect of the drug and molecular functions of the secondary targets. In this proposal Veliparib is used as the model drug and the number of secondary targets of Veliparib could be found according to bioorthogonal approach which is used in previous studies. The potential secondary target proteins then identified using different techniques such as SDS-PAGE, Liquid chromatograpy and Mass spectroscopy. The experiments are done with the characterized protein targets and possible molecular functions are identified which could be related to side effects of the certain drug. Characterization of off target protein would be done for both Velaparib and Olaparib. The molecular functions and its relativeness with side effects of both drugs may be compared. It can be hypothesized that, the drug having less number of secondary targets is more efficient with fewer side effects than a drug having higher number of secondary targets which could lead to have more side effects. C. Innovation The comparison of number of secondary targets of drug can lead to investigate the side effects of that drug. The more efficient drug would be the one with less number of secondary targets. The clinical data bases could be used to get reliable patient records for analyzing the side effects. To achieve the goal prior work should be done to identify off targets of Veliparib and Olaparib using bioorthogonal approach. Further studies could be done in vitro and in vivo to analyzed the effects of these drugs. D. Research Plan D1. Specific aim 1: To determine the number of secondary targets of Veliparib and compare them with that of Olparib; interpret and relate the data to identify the side effects. D1.a. Rationale Olparib has been used in phase 3 clinical studies to treat prostate and breast cancer and more side effects have identified. It has higher number of possible secondary targets according to previous work (table 1)1. Veliparib has also been used in phase 2 clinical trials but lesser number of side effects has been reported. If Veliparib has less number of side effects then it should have less number of secondary targets than Olaparib. Methods 1. Synthesis of drug conjugates and cleavable linker The drug conjugates will be synthesized for both Olaparib and Velaparib. These drugs would contain bioorthogonal functionalities that can be used to effectively pull down the primary and secondary targets of a cell lysate. MHH-ES1 Ewing’s sarcoma and A2780 cell lines will be used here based on the previous studies. The cleavable linker could be synthesized using tetrazine functionality for bioorthogonal pulldown of TCO-drug from cell lysates. 2. Bioorthogonal pulldown of protein targets and characterization Bioorthogonal approach will be done to selectively pulldown the protein targets of TCO-modified Veliparib and Olaparib. Streptavidin magnetic beads decorated with synthesized cleavable linker is used for target pulldown. SDS-PAGE analysis will be done to identify the primary and secondary targets of Veliparib and olaparib. LC-MS/MS analysis is done to characterize the identified protein targets from cell lysates. The expected results are as follows according to previous studies.1 3. Comparison of the side effects of with the molecular functions : Olaparib vs Velaparib For both cell lines (OV and ES: refer table 1), AP2 complex and 60S ribosomal protein (RL4) will be expected to pulled down as secondary targets for both Veliparib and Olaparib. Further studies will be done to identify the effects of drugs on these proteins as a preliminary study. Relaxtion assays, immunoprecipitation assays, etc. can be done for those proteins. Then the relationship between their molecular function and side effects of the drugs could be co-related. Alternative hypothesis The side effects of a certain pharmaceutical drug can be caused due to many factors. It might not mainly due to the secondary protein targets of that drug. It might be due to alteration in physiological conditions of the biological system. The drug binding interaction with certain metal elements could be a possible factor in some diseases. The alterations in RNA and DNA binding interaction could also be lead to side effects of a drug. Therefore, understanding such changes in biological system could lead to new strategies for drug designing processes. Future directions There are various kinds of drugs which used as PARP inhibitors. A complete set of data would be needed to identify and characterize the secondary targets of those drugs. The most effective drug for cancer treatment could be identified based on that data. The methods which have been applied to identify these protein targets could be developed for other pharmaceutical drugs as well. It will define a new approach to compare the side effect of a specific drug with molecular functions of its secondary target proteins. References Yang et al, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2013, 52, 10593-10597 A Phase 1 Study of Chronically-Dosed, Single-Agent ABT-888 in Patients With Either BRCA 1/2 -Mutated Cancer; Platinum-Refractory Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, or Primary Peritoneal Cancer; or Basal-Like Breast Cancer  (http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00892736) http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/search/view?cdrid=579626version=healthprofessional Curr Probl Cancer. , 2011, 35(1): 7–50. Ford, Deborah, et al., The American Journal of Human Genetics, 1998, 62, 676-689. Miller et al, Reporting results of cancer treatment, Cancer, 1981, 47(1), 207-214. http://www.medicalook.com/Cancer/ http://healthinfoispower.wordpress.com/2010/11/17/

Ernest Hemingway’s A Moveable Feast Essay -- Ernest Hemingway A Moveab

Ernest Hemingway’s A Moveable Feast In Ernest Hemingway’s A Moveable Feast he tells the tale of his early career and life in Paris. He tells of his meetings with famous writers, poets, and the times that they had. He spoke especially of Scott Fitzgerald, Gertrude Stein, and Ezra Pound. He did have a tendency to portray them a little bit unfairly. He was a little critical of them because of the fact that he shared so much time with them. Usually when people spend lots of time with each other they begin to be annoyed by their habits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first of the authors he spoke of was Gertrude Stein. He portrayed her as a talkative, outgoing, and somewhat overbearing person. She was very critical about writing. She said that she really liked most of his writing, but he could tell she didn’t understand his idea of prose. She was kind of uppity and would talk about paintings and art a lot. She told him that you could do one of two things. Either buy nice clothes, or buy nice paintings. She herself opted for the paintings. All in all he liked her and enjoyed her company, but he grew apart from her after a while.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second writer he talked about was Ezra Pound. He begins his chapter on Ezra Pound by saying that he â€Å"was always a good friend and he was always doing things for people';. He also said that Ezra was a kinder and more Christian person with people than Ernest was. He was very impressed by how Ezra could write so perfectly and hit things just right. He was ve...