syllabus fin6306 Quantitative methods in finance UT Dallas

QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN FINANCE FIN6306 Fall 2014 Office Hours: TuesWedThur 9:00AM – 11:00AM Or by appointment Dr. Liping Ma Office: ATC1.6B01 Email: Liping.Ma@utdallas.edu Phone: (972) 883-7521 Other Information I strongly urge you to use email (the above address) to contact me outside of class. I check my email messages daily Monday through Friday, you can be sure I will receive your message this way. General Course Information Students are responsible for all information in this syllabus. Pre-requisite other restrictions Pre-requisite: FIN 6301 (OPRE6303 or equivalent). If you have not completed all of the prerequisites or obtained an official waiver you may not register for this class. Course Description The objective of†¦show more content†¦Students registered for the class are required to attend all sessions. During the semester, you have two excuses for missing the class. In the classroom, you cannot browse any other websites except for webpage related course materials. You will be asked to leave the classroom once discovered. Always check eLearning before class. This site will include PowerPoint files of the course lecture notes, homework assignments, any external web links, and relevant updates about the class including any changes to the schedule of assignments or quizzes. 2 Student Conduct and Discipline Academic Integrity The University of Texas System and The University of Texas at Dallas have rules and regulations for the orderly and efficient conduct of their business. It is the responsibility of each student and each student organization to be knowledgeable about the rules and regulations which govern student conduct and activities. General information on student conduct and discipline is contained in the UTD publication, A to Z Guide, which is provided to all registered students each academic year. The University of Texas at Dallas administers student discipline within the procedures of recognized and established due process. Procedures are defined and described in the Rules and Regulations, Board of Regents, The University of Texas System, Part 1, Chapter VI, Section 3, and in Title V, Rules on Student Services and Activities of the university’s Handbook of

Defining Financial Terms and Role in Finance Essay

Running Head: DEFINING FINANCIAL TERMS AND ROLE IN FINANCE Defining Financial Terms and Role in Finance University of Phoenix FIN 370/ Finance for Business November 10, 2010 Defining Financial Terms and Role in Finance The following paragraphs contain financial terms and their role in finance. The terms are finance, efficient market, primary market, secondary market, risk, security, stock, bond, capital, debt, yield, rate of return, return on investment, and cash flow. The fourteen terms all have an important relationship in the world of business. The first term is finance. Finance is managing money or supplying funds to provide a resource. A bank or loan company is a source of finance because they both provide cash. Cash is†¦show more content†¦The price is more or less than the issue price of the original company. The fifth term is risk. Risk is the uncertainty or chance of a difference in the actual return earned on investment and the expected return earned on the investment. There are three types of risk: market, credit, and operational. The company return on an investment depends on which risk the company took. For example, people and compa nies take risk sometimes when they make a financial investment or provide equipment and supplies for an opportunity to receive a high return on their investment. The role of finance for a risk is the uncertainty if they will receive payment for their investment. The higher the risk means the higher the return. The lower the risk means the lower the return. The next three terms have a correlation. The terms are security, stock, and bond. Security in finance is the relationship and representation of stocks and bonds. Some securities are interest and dividend based. Common and preferred stock, bonds, notes, debenture, and option are some examples of securities. A stock represents ownership in a business, has face value, and may not carry a maturity date. A stock’s role in finance is as follows. 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India’s Soft Drinks Industry Free Essays

string(75) " to the production processes \(‘India: Risk overview’, 2011\)\." india’s soft drinks industry table of contents toc o â€Å"1-3† u part a: contextual analysis of india and the indian soft drink industry pageref _toc323046458 h 3 introduction pageref _toc323046459 h 3 1. factor conditions pageref _toc323046460 h 4 1. 1 opportunities pageref _toc323046461 h 4 1. We will write a custom essay sample on India’s Soft Drinks Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1. 1 india’s physical resources pageref _toc323046462 h 4 1. 2 threats pageref _toc323046463 h 6 1. 2. 1 infrastructure pageref _toc323046464 h 6 1. 2. 2 education and labour pageref _toc323046465 h 6 2. demand conditions pageref _toc323046466 h 7 3. related and supporting industries pageref _toc323046467 h 9 3. availability of related and supporting industries pageref _toc323046468 h 9 3. 2 bargaining power of suppliers pageref _toc323046469 h 9 3. 3 bargaining power of buyers pageref _toc323046470 h 9 4. firm strategy, structure and rivalry pageref _toc323046471 h 10 4. 1 cultural impact on firm strategy and structure pageref _toc323046472 h 10 4. 2 rivalry among existing competitors pageref _toc323046473 h 10 4. 3 threat of new entrants pageref _toc323046474 h 11 4. 4 threat of substitutes pageref _toc323046475 h 12 5. government pageref _toc323046476 h 12 6. role of chance pageref _toc323046477 h 12 conclusion pageref _toc323046478 h 13 part b: critical evaluation of porter’s national diamond model pageref _toc323046479 h 13 references pageref _toc323046480 h 15 part a: contextual analysis of india and the indian soft drink industry introduction a. g. barr has been in the soft drinks business for over 130 years and is one of the biggest soft drinks company in united kingdom (uk) (a. g. barr, 2012). the company has a long standing success in the european market with its popular soft drinks such as irn-bru, barr and tizer. with a strong-hold in the europen market, now a. G. Barr would like to expand their business to other markets. Following The Coca-Cola Company (TCCC) and PepsiCo success in the Asian market, the company would like to venture into the soft drinks industry in India. The definition of a soft drink market is the retail sale of bottled water, juices, carbonates, functional drinks, ready to drink (RTD) tea and coffee, and smoothies (Datamonitor, 2011). According to Datamonitor (2011), the India soft drinks market is valued at $3. 8 million as of 2010 even though it accounts only 3. 3% of the overall value in the Asia-Pacific market. Japan and China hold the top two positions with a combined market share of 71. 2% (Datamonitor, 2011). Hence, before setting up an operation in India, the company need to know further details of the local soft drinks industry such as the market share, the customer profile, the suppliers and the competitors. As such, the main purpose of this report is to analysis the feasibility of the India expansion and gives proper recommendations. The Porter’s Diamond analysis, the SWOT analysis and Porter’s 5 Forces analysis will be used to evaluate and comprehend the India soft drinks market. . FACTOR CONDITIONS Firstly, we will evaluate the factor conditions of India which may serve as an opportunity or a threat towards our venture into the soft drinks industry. 1. 1 OPPORTUNITIES 1. 1. 1 INDIA’S PHYSICAL RESOURCES India is a country rich of raw materials, resources and land. For this report, we will focus on those physical resources that are essential for the soft drinks i ndustry – water, sugar, aluminium, power sources. With a land space of over 2. 9 million square kilometres (sq km) and a population of 1. 2 billion people, India has only 314,070 sq km of water (CIA World Fact book, 2012). Even though the Indian government has done many things do improved the situation by building water plants and water piping in the urban and rural areas, there are still about 18. 5% of the population (226 million) that lack access to clean, drinkable water (CESS INDIA, 2004) With a sophisticated water purification installed in our soft drinks plantation, A. G. Barr are able to process the unclean water into safe, drinkable water and use it for the basis of the final products. Hence, A. G. Barr will be able to offer an alternative drinking source for the citizens with our soft drinks products. Next, with a total arable territory of about 1. 2 million sq km, agriculture is the biggest industry and plays a major role in the socioeconomic growth of India (Maps of India, 2012). According to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2012) and the Maps of India (2012), India is the 2nd biggest world producers of sugarcane (sugar) with about 453 sugar mills located all over India. INCLUDEPICTURE â€Å"http://faostat. fao. org/DesktopModules/Faostat/Images/T20/ChartPic_3nemzw945otecriq01oo. ng? 3f2841b2-add0-4841-9dc7-5707a2a011f0† * MERGEFORMATINET Table 1: Top Production – Sugar cane 2010 Source: FAO Thirdly, for aluminium, India is the fifth biggest producer in the world after Australia, Guinea, Brazil and Jamaica (Maps of India, 2012). Finally, to obtain vast economic growth and a flourishing industrial sector, the Indian government has i nvested and given top precedence to the power sector of the nation and as of the 21st century, India is able to generate about 90% of its own energy through (Maps of India, 2012): Thermal/Coal Power Hydro Power Renewable Resources Power Nuclear Power With most of the raw materials and resources readily available in India, the price for these materials will be relatively standard and low. Hence, this will lower the cost of production. This is a key factor in venturing into the India market as A. G. Barr require a huge amount of clean water and sugar to produce the soft drink products. 1. 2 THREATS 1. 2. 1 INFRASTRUCTURE The infrastructure in India is one of the most problematic and unreliable in the world. As stated previously, even though India is able to generate 90% of its power, due to the poor financial position of many power supply companies, the power supplies are always inconsistent and frequently being cut-off (‘India: Risk overview’, 2011). Hence, companies, offices and industrial plants need to have their own back-up power facilities to ensure no interruption to the production processes (‘India: Risk overview’, 2011). You read "India’s Soft Drinks Industry" in category "Essay examples" The road and railway system in India is still undependable and many traffic congestions are resulted due to the inadequacy. Pan (Asiamoney, 2010) notes that while the Indian government are investing US$1 trillion in infrastructure from 2012 to 2017, political bureaucracy and lack of good projects are hindering the developments of infrastructure. At the same time, Roy (Euromoney, 2010) reports that while Mr. Rajiv Lall, chief executive of state-run lender Infrastructure Development Finance Company believes India infrastructure has been slowly improving, the dependable relationship between the public sector and the private sectors in infrastructure will lead to corruption and thus may hinder the progression of big infrastructure projects. Therefore, any company that wish to venture into India soft drinks market will need to spend a sizeable amount on power generator and water purification facilities. This huge expenditure will put a dent on the initial capital investment and A. G. Barr need to take this into account and plan on how much of the expenditure to be transferred over to the final consumers through the products. 1. 2. 2 EDUCATION AND LABOUR According to several organizations; CIA (2012), US Department of State (2011) and WEF (2011), India’s literacy rate is only at 61%. The education level in India is low as many of the population live in poverty or the slump and unable to afford going school. Moreover, the Indian government lacks of provision of education is hindering its people to learn and receive knowledge. This result in a low skilled workforce and the unemployment rate for youth age 15 to 24 in India is high at 10. 5% (CIA World Fact Book, 2012). While a soft drink company with high technology facilities and processes requires employees with minimal skills, it is still essential for these workers have a basic understanding and motor skills to operate the high-tech, expensive machineries. Another end of the spectrum is those highly educated Indians where the information technology (IT) sector is booming. These IT personnel and engineers are viable to our company as they able to manage, supervise and suitable of the higher ranking jobs. Hence, to ensure the workers hired have the essential skills, A. G. Barr will need to frequently conduct training programs, skills development workshops and have simple instructions which are easy to follow. 2. DEMAND CONDITIONS With the relaxation of the Indian government policy on FDIs and foreign companies, the soft drinks industry had change tremendously. As the US and EU markets are highly saturated, companies are looking into the Asian markets to expand and gain more revenues. Apart from China, Japan and South Korea, India is the 4th leading Asian soft drinks market and the market is still growing and has yet to reach its saturation point. In 2010, there is a substantial demand for soft drinks as the market has grown by 10. 4% (Datamonitor, 2011). Datamonitor (2011) even predicts that by 2015, the Indian market will grow to a value of $5. 8 million. Table 2 shows the growth of India soft drink market from 2006 to 2010. Table 2: India soft drinks market volume: million liters, 2006–10(e) Datamonitor (2011) also reports that as of 2010, the soft drinks industry has generated total revenues of $3. 8 billion and with 50% of the total revenues, carbonates sale is the most profitable category. Table 3: India soft drinks market segmentation: % share, by value, 2010(e) It is essential to note that currently there is a growing trend of â€Å"vitamin water† or â€Å"nutrient water† in the world as many people are becoming more health conscious. The Times (London) (2012) reports that even India is not spared from the trend as PepsiCo, together with Tata Global Beverages, intend to market the â€Å"nutrient water† to India’s urban, middle-class consumers where a bottle of such product will cost slightly higher than a standard bottled water. Hence, this could greatly affect the retail sales of carbonates. A. G. Barr has already altered its products to regular variants to low calorie and no added sugar variants in accordance to the gradual shift towards healthly living in the UK (A. G. Barr, 2012). For example, its popular porduct, IRN-BRU now comes in a sugar free variation, the ‘IRN-BRU sugar free’. Thus, the â€Å"nutrient water† market is another sector A. G. Barr could develop into not only in UK but also in India. 3. RELATED AND SUPPORTING INDUSTRIES 3. 1 AVAILABILITY OF RELATED AND SUPPORTING INDUSTRIES India has huge supporting industries for the soft drinks market and the availablity of the main components for a soft drinks company in India is high. There are 453 sugar mills in India and the top 6 growing states are located in the Northern, Southern and Western regions of India (Maps of India, 2012). Noteably, the Indian government has been extentsively investing in the agriculture sector to ensure that the process of the sector from raw materials to warehousing and merchandising flow smoothly. And as for the aluminium industry, India has a sizeable number of aluminium plants located mainly in Northern and Southern regions. 3. 2 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS As inputs are readily available, suppliers are unable to provide their services or sell their products at a higher price than their competitors as it is of no loss to the soft drinks company since the company is able to get the same or better services and products from other suppliers. A. G. Barr is able to obtain the primary inputs for its products through several sources in the region or state. Thus, the bargaining power of suppliers such as the packaging producers and raw materials and soft drinks ingredients producers are relatively low (Datamonitor, 2011). 3. 3 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS The power of the retailers and distributors in this market is weak as most soft drinks manufactures work closely with the local bottling companies to distribute the ready for sale products to buyers within a certain region or sector (Datamonitor, 2011). Datamonitor (2011) also reports that with 46. 3% of the total market volume, the independent retailers such as the small family mart shops are the main distribution channels for soft drinks but this could change with the introduction of super and hypermarkets. Thus, consumers will have a wider range of soft drinks brands to choose from. In order to gain relatively significant market share, A. G. Barr needs to do plenty of advertising and promotion. One of the strategies A. G. Barr could adopt is to set their soft drinks at a lower price than the main competitors, TCCC and PepsiCo in the rural areas while maintaining the same price in the urban areas where most of the middle-income and high-income classes have high consumer purchasing power. 4. FIRM STRATEGY, STRUCTURE AND RIVALRY 4. 1 CULTURAL IMPACT ON FIRM STRATEGY AND STRUCTURE A. G. Barr core strategic focus is based on the following 7 platforms (A. G. Barr, 2012): Core Brands and Markets Portfolio development Route to market Partnerships Efficient Operations People Development Sustainability To ensure these strategies and structure is maintain in other country, A. G. Barr has to train its overseas employees, make them understand and cultivate the A. G. Barr working culture. However, this will be a tough challenge in India due to the poor education and different socio-culture. Thus, A. G. Barr needs to accommodate its Western working culture with India working culture, however without losing its main mission and strategy. To ensure this is excuted properly, A. G. Barr needs to obtain a specialist in the Indian market and culture. 4. 2 RIVALRY AMONG EXISTING COMPETITORS In India, the soft drink market is dominated by three main players – The Coca-Cola Company (TCCC), PepsiCo and Parle Bisleri Ltd – securing 74. 1% of the total market volume (Datamonitor, 2011). Table 4: India soft drinks market share: % share, by volume, 2010(e) BBC News (2011) reports that TCCC planned to invest $2 billion in India to boost its market share and expected India to be in its top five markets by 2020. Meanwhile, PepsiCo intend to launch a new product, â€Å"nutrient water† with Tata Water targeting at the young urban consumers to gain more market shares (Pagnamenta, 2012). This shows how competitive the rivalry in the India soft drinks industry where the two major market shares are actively investing and developing new products to gain more shares. 4. 3 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS The big players of the India soft drinks industry are actively improving themselves and distinguishing their products through various methods. Furthermore, TCCC and PepsiCo are renowned world soft drinks brands which have been existing in the India market for many years. Though new companies in the industry may have difficulty competing with the existing players, it may accomplish small success by using different production method or focusing on the lesser ventured catergories of the soft drinks markets such as health drinks and energy drinks (Datamonitor, 2011). This could be a major break through for A. G. Barr as its most popular products; the IRN-BRU; is low in sugar and contains additional benefits of an energy drink. In addition, the Rockstar series which are designed to target those who lead active lifestyles may be able to attract the young, urban consumers. With several advertising accolades, A. G. Barr has the knowledge and is able use the power of media to attract potential consumers and gain more market shares. 4. 4 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES The main substitutes for soft drinks markets are traditonal tea and coffee, homemade juices and fresh water from the water plants or piping system. As A. G. Barr and other leading soft drinks companies have diverse products to cater to the different needs of the consumers – carbonates, bottled water, juices etc – this will narrow down the threat of substitutes. However, the threat is still relatively moderate as retailers and distributors may give more shelf space for traditional tea and coffee products as they may be stored at room temperatures (Datamonitor, 2011). 5. GOVERNMENT BBC News (2011) reports that India is ranked 95th out of 183 nations in the Transparency International Corruption Perceptions (TICP) list. Due to the high corruption scandals among its government officials, low or invisible legislative work, red tape and bureaucracy, India has dropped from 87th in 2010 to 95th (BBC News, 2011). Despite its numerous intervention, corruption in India is an issue which is very difficult to get rid off since most of the political members and officals have their own agendas and are resistant to change (‘India: Risk overview’, 2011). Hence, foreign companies will faced many setbacks when they venture into the India sectors. 6. ROLE OF CHANCE The role of chance plays a small part in factoring the soft drinks industry as most of the technology are at it most advanced state. The only main issue currently is the Iran oil crisis. As India still refuses to cut Iranian oil imports, this may lead to a huge setback if USA decides to attack Iran and ignore India’s relation with Iran (CBS News, 2012, Kennedy, 2012). With a potential strain relationship with USA, this could lead to severe freeze in the trade and foreign direct investments. Furthermore, the other two traid nations, EU and Japan, may follow suit USA’s decision to cut ties with India for refusing to withdraw the purchasing of Iranian oil. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the soft drinks market in India is huge though it is predominately hold by 3 major key players. To venture into this territory, a new company need to set itself apart from the majpr players through unique advertising, differentiated production method and diverse product offerings. New companies may set an initial low price of its products to attract consumers however; this should not be a long term strategy. Companies need to have a huge capital investment to counter the corruption, trade policies and poor infrastructure. Thus, expenditures and initial start-up cost will be high and companies will have to redistribute part of the cost to its final consumers in order to gain profits. PART B: CRITICAL EVALUATION OF PORTER’S NATIONAL DIAMOND MODEL Michael E. Porter is a well renowned economic strategist whom has writen 18 books and over125 articles (HBS, 2008). With a core field in competitive strategy, Porter has written and developed a number of strategic frameworks such as the Porter’s National Diamond model and Porter’s 5 Forces analysis. Since the model was based on eight developed countries and two industrialized countries, an analysis on developing, growing countries such as India is flawed. This is because these developing countries are not on the same economic level as the 10 countries. Thus, though the Porter’s National Diamond (PND) model analysis almost every aspect of India’s profile, it still lacks in-depth analysis and companies should not base their analytical evaluation on the PND model alone. As supported by Van Den Bosch, and Van Proojien (1992), both authors believed that PND model provide limited analysis on the control of national culture on the competitive advantage of nations. Similar to the EU countries, India too has a diverse set of culture which plays significant role in the management of the country’s economy, laws, trade policies and governance. There are limited sources on India and the soft drinks market due to the lack of legistative work from the government officals. Furthermore, some of the reports or statistics may not be entirely accurate due to the high corruption level. For example, reports may state that India is able to generate 90% of its power but the power plants are inconsistent and supplies are frequently distrupted. Also, to what extend is the literacy rate of India is correct? The literacy rates may be higher than stated as with 1. 22 billion people, India officials may have a tough job collecting the accurate datas. Moreover, with high poverty and low income, most of Indian citizens have the ‘thrifty mindset’ whereby they prefer things which are basically free even though it maybe harmful such as drinking untreated water. These are the pros of the PND model for India: Analysis different aspect of the country profile Takes into account the role of Government which is the most essential for India These are the cons of the PND model for India: Limited credible sources for analysis Little depth as India is a huge country with various swinging factors. Limited analysis on the cultural effect on a country’s competitive advantage Ways to improve the PND model for India: Supporting the model with other analysis model such as PEST, SWOT, Porter’s 5 Forces and Fons Trompenaars’ Seven Cultural Dimensions. Intentsive research on the market and the growth of the market. REFERENCES A. G. Barr (2012) About Us. Available at: http://www. agbarr. co. uk/agbarr/newsite/ces_general. nsf/wpg/about_us-our_strategy (Accessed: 22 March 2012). BBC News (2011) Coke plans $2bn India investment in bid to boost growth. Available at: http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/business-15731884 (Accessed: 20 February 2012). BBC News (2011) India Transparency International corruption index blow. Available at: http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/world-asia-india-15979646 (Accessed: 01 March 2012). CBS News (2012) U. K. : Attack on Iran has â€Å"enormous downsides†. Available at: http://www. cbsnews. com/8301-202_162-57380838/u. . -attack-on-iran-has-enormous-downsides/? tag=mncol;lst;1 (Accessed: 20 February 2012). India. CESS (2004) Right to Drinking Water in India. Available at: http://www. cess. ac. in/cesshome/wp%5CWater. pdf (Accessed: 22 March 2012). CIA (2012) South Asia, India. Available at: https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in. html (Accessed: 20 February 2012). FAO (2012) Faost at. Available at: http://faostat. fao. org/site/339/default. aspx (Accessed: 01 March 2012). HBS (2008) Harvard Business School Faculty Research. Available at: http://drfd. bs. edu/fit/public/facultyInfo. do? facInfo=biofacEmId=mporter (Accessed: 10 April 2012). ‘India: Risk overview’ (2011) Business Asia, 43, 14, pp. 10-11, Business Source Premier, EBSCO [Online]. Available at http://searchebscohost. com (Accessed: 22 March 2012). Kennedy (2012) US Pleas for Asia to Cut Iranian Oil Imports Fall on Deaf Ears, Oilprice. Available at: http://oilprice. com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/US-Pleas-for-Asia-to-Cut-Iranian-Oil-Imports-Fall-on-Deaf-Ears. html (Accessed: 20 February 2012). Maps of India (2012) India Agriculture. Available at: How to cite India’s Soft Drinks Industry, Essay examples

Wffrfrg Essay Example For Students

Wffrfrg Essay The Mood and Image in Poetry This afternoon was the colour of water falling through sunlight; the trees glittered with the tumbling of leaves; The sidewalks shone like alleys of dropped maple leaves; And the houses ran along them laughing out of square; Open windows (Lowell 185). This quote, taken out of Amy Lowells poem September 1918, illustrates the ability of the author to be very descriptive in order to give the reader an image of where she is and what is surrounding her. Through this poem she also gives the reader a sense of being there as well. Another author that resembles Lowell is Emily Dickinson. In Dickinsons poem I heard a Fly buzz-when I died she says, I heard a Fly buzz-when I died- The Stillness in the Room Was like the stillness in the Air- Between the Heaves of Storm (Dickinson 1202). Like Lowell, Dickinson describes what she sees surrounding her, and by saying that she was dead in her poem she provides the reader the ability to create a mental image of a person act ually dead in a coffin. Also in her poem called Because I could not Stop for Death Dickinson says, Because I could not stop for Death- He kindly stopped for me- The Carriage held just but Ourselves and Immortality (Dickinson 1206). In Dickinsons second poem, she describes how death is taking her in its carriage to immortality. Making the reader create a picture of death actually taking her to infinity. In her first poem the mood that Dickinson sets up is one of quietness and stillness because she says that the room was so quiet and serene that she actually heard a fly buzz by. And in her second poem the mood that Dickinson sets up is one of sadness. Both Lowell and Dickinson, provide their readers with poems, which are both descriptive, making the readers feel involved in what they are reading. Also through their poems they set up a mood to make the readers understand what it would be like to be in that specific place and time. In September 1918 Lowell writes about how she felt during World War I. As she is walking through the park she describes collecting leaves as a keepsake for old memories which she wishes reminded her of good times, instead of the bad times that the war had brought. She says, Someday there will be no war. Then I shall Take this afternoon and turn it in my fingers, and remark the sweet taste of it upon my palate, and note the crisp variety of its flights of leaves (Lowell 1856). By reading this quote it is very easy to infer the mood that the author has set up.She implies how sad she is that she can only get these wonderful memories by collecting leaves that she finds along the way. In the end of her poem she says, To-day I can only gather it and put it in to my lunch box, for I have time for nothing but the endeavour to balance myself upon a broken world (Lowell 1856). Showing that Lowell is nostalgic about the good old times which, she can only collect through simple leaves. She also realizes that these times will never come back, so she understands that she has to keep on living life in a world were things are not always what people wish them to be. Through this poem any reader can presume the mood of sadness and nostalgia that the author writes about making the reader understand what the writer is experiencing. Also Lowell describes her environment and everything that surrounded her at that time in order to make the reader have a clear picture of where she was, and make them feel as if they were there as well. .u0ccd793a63fb7a9717c95af8765b69c1 , .u0ccd793a63fb7a9717c95af8765b69c1 .postImageUrl , .u0ccd793a63fb7a9717c95af8765b69c1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0ccd793a63fb7a9717c95af8765b69c1 , .u0ccd793a63fb7a9717c95af8765b69c1:hover , .u0ccd793a63fb7a9717c95af8765b69c1:visited , .u0ccd793a63fb7a9717c95af8765b69c1:active { border:0!important; } .u0ccd793a63fb7a9717c95af8765b69c1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0ccd793a63fb7a9717c95af8765b69c1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0ccd793a63fb7a9717c95af8765b69c1:active , .u0ccd793a63fb7a9717c95af8765b69c1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0ccd793a63fb7a9717c95af8765b69c1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0ccd793a63fb7a9717c95af8765b69c1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0ccd793a63fb7a9717c95af8765b69c1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0ccd793a63fb7a9717c95af8765b69c1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0ccd793a63fb7a9717c95af8765b69c1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0ccd793a63fb7a9717c95af8765b69c1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0ccd793a63fb7a9717c95af8765b69c1 .u0ccd793a63fb7a9717c95af8765b69c1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0ccd793a63fb7a9717c95af8765b69c1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: African and Native American Slavery EssayIn the poem I heard a Fly buzz-when I died, Dickinson talks about what she sees from inside her coffin at her funeral. In this poem the mood Dickinson implies is one of stillness, solemn and sadness. She says, The Eyes around- had wrung them dry- And Breaths were gathering firm for that last Onset (Dickinson 1202).This quote implies how the mourners were getting ready to close the coffin, so everyone was looking at her for the last time, while crying and sobbing. Then she says, With Blue-uncertain stumbling Buzz- Between the light- and me- And then the Windows failed- and then I could not see to see- (Dickinson 1202). When they clos ed the coffin, she describes the light that once made it possible for her to see is not there anymore; hence, all she saw was darkness and nothingness. In this poem Dickinson sends a grim and very clear image to the reader of what she sees while in her coffin. She is very descriptive about her surroundings, like hearing a fly buzz by. In her poem she makes the readers aware of how still the air was in the room and compares it to the heaves of storm, making the reader visualize just how quiet and still the room must of been. In this poem Dickinson manages to give her readers a very grim image of being able to see her own funeral. At the same time she sets up a mood that makes it possible for the reader to have a clear image of everything she saw, and heard. Dickinsons second poem Because I could not stop for Death, is a poem that is very ironic. In her poem she depicts how since death was so kind to stop for her, she stopped everything even her own life just to go with death because death had done her the favor of stopping for her. She says, He knew no haste and I had to put away my labor and leisure too, For his Civility (Dickinson 1206). In this poem Dickinson describes the things she saw when she was taken away by death in the carriage, she says, We passed the School, where children strove At Recess- in the ring- We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain- We passed the Setting Sun (Dickinson 1206). Like her previous poem, in this poem it is very clear to create an image of someone in a carriage looking down at things like fields of gazing grain or a school with children playing at recess. Through this quote she also sets up a mood of sadness because she sees that life is passing right before her eyes. Finally she provides the reader with the image that she is dead when she says, Or rather- He The Sun passed Us The Dews drew quivering and chill- For only Gossamer, my Gown- My Tippet- only Tulle (Dickinson 1206). In this quote she implies how she is not getting cold as the sun passes by because she is already dead and in the ground. Through this poem Dickinson manages to imply to her readers a clear image of life passing her by, and also of death taking her away towards eternity.In conclusion, both Lowell and Dickinson, two descriptive authors manage to offer many aspects of writing through their poetry. The first aspect they offer is description, by being descriptive they provide their readers a clear image of what they are describing or talking about in their poetry. Also by being descriptive the reader obtains a sense of being there at a precise place and time. And finally both of these authors convey a mood through their poetry, which makes their poetry very vivid. In Lowells poetry she sets the mood by describin g the beauties that Mother Nature had surrounded her with like the trees, the water falling through the sunlight, and the tumbling of leaves. This is an example of Lowell giving a very clear image of that time and place, and at the same time setting a peaceful and calm mood. Although Dickinson is similar in her poem I heard a Fly buzz-when I died she gives a very grim image of someone looking at his or her own funeral. Also in her second poem she gives a very clear image of life passing her by, and at the same time incorporating in her poem a sense of irony. In her first poem she was very descriptive about what she was seeing from her coffin at her funeral. She described people sobbing and crying for her, also how she failed to see anymore when they closed her coffin, these are some of the details that made the reader imagine what was going on in her funeral. By describing what she saw she also sets the mood which in this poem is one of sadness, and solemn. Furthermore, by describin g the fly buzz by she sets up a mood of tranquility and stillness because of how quiet it has to be to actually hear a fly buzz by. And in her second poem she was very descriptive about what she saw from the carriage to the ground below, making the reader infer as well a sense of sadness since she saw life passing her by before her eyes. .u0d810aeacdbb73b8e8ab1bfcebbb8970 , .u0d810aeacdbb73b8e8ab1bfcebbb8970 .postImageUrl , .u0d810aeacdbb73b8e8ab1bfcebbb8970 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0d810aeacdbb73b8e8ab1bfcebbb8970 , .u0d810aeacdbb73b8e8ab1bfcebbb8970:hover , .u0d810aeacdbb73b8e8ab1bfcebbb8970:visited , .u0d810aeacdbb73b8e8ab1bfcebbb8970:active { border:0!important; } .u0d810aeacdbb73b8e8ab1bfcebbb8970 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0d810aeacdbb73b8e8ab1bfcebbb8970 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0d810aeacdbb73b8e8ab1bfcebbb8970:active , .u0d810aeacdbb73b8e8ab1bfcebbb8970:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0d810aeacdbb73b8e8ab1bfcebbb8970 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0d810aeacdbb73b8e8ab1bfcebbb8970 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0d810aeacdbb73b8e8ab1bfcebbb8970 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0d810aeacdbb73b8e8ab1bfcebbb8970 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0d810aeacdbb73b8e8ab1bfcebbb8970:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0d810aeacdbb73b8e8ab1bfcebbb8970 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0d810aeacdbb73b8e8ab1bfcebbb8970 .u0d810aeacdbb73b8e8ab1bfcebbb8970-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0d810aeacdbb73b8e8ab1bfcebbb8970:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on Professional Development EssayWords/ Pages : 1,574 / 24

Enzyme Kinetics Lab Report Sample

Enzyme Kinetics Lab Report Paper Analyzing absorbency of the solutions with spectrophotometers will determine the reaction rate. To test the optimal pH, the starch and a buffer were combined at a specific pH level and tested the absorbency of a solution at various times. To resolve the reaction rate of a solution at various temperatures, the solution was put into water both set to a specific temperature and its absorbency was recorded at different times. Four specific graphs were drawn to determine at which pH level and temperature was the optimum for the enzyme after the experiment. Although hypothesis that I made that it would work best under temperature near 40 and at a pH f around 4, through my results the enzyme worked more efficiently under the temperature of 55and pH level at 4. 5. However, since the whole testing experimental was taken only once; we can not state that the result was precisely accurate. Introduction: The catalysts are the substance that speeds up chemical reactions in living organisms. The enzymes are the protein catalysts to lower the activation energy of a reactant. Enzymes are not able cause an inefficient reaction to occur and only able to increase the rate of biochemical reaction. The molecule that is reacting in enzymatic reaction is called a substrate. When an enzyme and substrate congregate together, then it forms an enzyme-substrate complex. As the enzyme works to accelerate the chemical reaction changes catalytic property and ultimately it decomposed. The rate of the enzymatic reaction is when the rate at which the enzyme- substrate complex forms and it decomposes to form the product. There are two factors that formulate enzymatic reaction. We will write a custom essay sample on Enzyme Kinetics Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Enzyme Kinetics Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Enzyme Kinetics Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The first factor is that time required by the enzyme to alter the substrate to its product, and the second factor is the rate that it takes to form the enzyme-substrate complex. A typical enzymatic reaction shows a fading of the substrate after an extended period of time. The substrate becomes a part of the product during this reaction, diminishing the probability that an enzyme molecule would have during the reaction, reducing the chances that an enzyme molecule would have to meet with substrate molecule leading to a decrease of the reaction rate. Temperature and pH WOUld be the other factors that related with a change in the rate of an enzymatic reaction. At particular pH and temperature levels, the enzyme performs its best but if the two factors are either excessively high or excessively low, it can cause the enzyme to denature and diminishing the reaction rate. In this research, we used the enzyme -amylase, where found in both plants and animals. Amylase hydrolysis starch, glycogen, and Dexedrine to form glucose and maltose. (Brewing 2002) In animals -amylase is digestive enzymes that made from mainly within the pancreas and salivary glands to break down starches form the nutrients. Great Vista Chemicals, 2005) Human amylase has an optimum pH of 7. 2-7. 4, and denatures at temperatures above 60. Research Machines, 2005) With the warm condition enzymes like -amylase have been said to work the most efficiently, which is around 40. It was also stated that they work best in the acidic rage from 3. 5 to 5. 5. (Thermometric Mould s in Biotechnology, 1999) With preceding experiments, a hypothesis can be stated that the optimal pH of -amylase would occur m at a temperature near 40 and pH at around 4. This experiment would examine the hypothesis and would confirm the optimal of both the temperature and pH of the enzyme -amylase. Materials and Methods: This laboratory research is composed of two main experiments, the first research to examine the starch-iodine solution at different pH levels: 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, 6. 0, 6. 5, and the second research to determine the starch-iodine solution at different temperatures: 15, 30, 45, 55, 60, 70. Before the proceeding of an experiment, makes sure the spectrometer turned on for at least 15 minutes to be warm. After turning on the spectrometer set the wavelength at Mann. Add -amylase to starch-iodine solution. To examine the starch-iodine solution at different pH levels, a ml stock starch and ml of buffer at pH level 4. 5 were placed into an Erlenmeyer flask to set up the reaction flask solution. Adjust spectrophotometer with mixture of ml of distilled water and 0. Ml of the starch iodine in cavetti (the blank). Turn the transmittance knob and set the line at zero. Place the ready blank solution into the spectrophotometer and turned the absorbency knob and set the line at zero. Then added O. 1 ml of the I? SKI indicator into the suspects. Record the first data at 0 minute, add ml of the solution from the reaction flask into a cavetti with I? SKI indicator in it. Then placed cavetti into the spectrophotometer and recorded the absorbency. After recording the initial absorbency at 0 minute the TA put 1 ml of -amylase solution into the reaction flask then began to time the experiment. Every two minutes ml of solution was put into starch-iodine solution. The absorbency was recorded every two minutes for 20 minutes. After recording the absorbency of ml of distilled water and the ml buffer at a pH of 4. 5, remaining pH levels followed same procedure. The experiment of the solution at different temperatures requires almost same procedure but one more step is added. Prepare another solution consisting of ml of distilled water and ml starch-iodine solution and placed them into an Erlenmeyer flask. The Erlenmeyer flask was then placed into a water bath with the temperature set to 45. Make sure the water bath is warm. The spectrophotometer was adjusted with the blank which contained ml of distilled water and 0. Ml of I? SKI. Then set the wavelength of spectrophotometer at Mann. Adjust spectrophotometer with mixture of ml of distilled water and 0. Ml of the starch-iodine in cavetti (the blank). Turn the transmittance knob and set the line at zero. Place the ready blank solution into the spectrophotometer and turned the absorbency knob and set the line at zero. Then added O. 1 ml of the I? SKI indicator into the suspects. Record the first data at O minute, add ml of the solution from the reaction flask into a cavetti with I? SKI indicat or in it. Then placed cavetti into the spectrophotometer and recorded the absorbency. After recording the initial absorbency at minute the TA put 1 ml of -amylase solution into the reaction flask then began to time the experiment. This time every one minute ml of solution was put into starch-iodine solution ill 8 minutes put ml of solution at 10 minutes, then put another ml of solution at 20 minutes. The absorbency was recorded every one minutes for 8 minutes and at 10 minutes and at 20 minutes. After recording the absorbency of ml of distilled water and the ml buffer at a temperature of 45, remaining temperature levels followed same procedure. Two graphs were made when the all the data were written down into two different charts. The first graph was absorbency of reactions at different pH, and second graph was absorbency of reactions at different temperatures. On the graph y-axis indicates the absorbency that is measure by the time which indicated on x-axis during the experiment. The graph showed how the absorbency changed within the period of time. Then the reaction chart had to be completed. First filling out initial and final absorbency for the both different temperature levels and different pH levels, find out the delta of absorbency(? A) and 1/2 of delta absorbency. Then subtract 1/2 of delta absorbency from initial absorbency, and write down the time that 1/2 delta absorbency took. After writing down the time the reaction rate was lactated using this equation: ( A)/(ATA- A). When the reaction rate chart was completed two more graphs were drawn using those values. The reaction rate at different temperatures and different pH levels, the x-axis indicated the temperatures and the pH levels, the y-axis indicated the reaction rate in absorbency per minute. Results: The first graph figure 1 shows that all of the absorbency were decreased over the time. The highest starting absorbency was pH level at 4. 5, and pH level of 4. 0 started with the lowest absorbency. At pH level 5. 0 and 5. 5 the graphs shows some common. The pH level at 4. 5 shows great change in slopes, and the pH level at 4. 0 shows least change. The second graph figure 2, similar graph has been drawn with the first graph. The absorbency of the different temperatures gradually reduced over time. At 1 5 it started with the highest absorbency and at the 70 it started with lowest absorbency. In the figures 2, it seems that all the absorbency started off from lower absorbency than it was in figure 1. It also shows that at 60 and 45 graphs are very similar. The third and the last graphs show the reaction rates. In the figure 3 and 4 the rapes have a shape of bell with peak point. This is the optimal point of the reaction rate. The graph starts with low reaction rate and it increases then it hits the peak point and it decreases to lower reaction rate. The optimal point for the reaction rate at different temperature was at 3) and the optimal point for the reaction rate at different pH level was at 4. 5(Figure 4). Discussion: Before this laboratory experiment, had a base knowledge that after putting the enzyme, -amylase into a starch-iodine solution; I knew the substance concentration would decrease as the time passed. Also I made a hypothesis that under the condition of temperature at 40 and pH at around 4, the enzyme works at best efficiency. The result was little bit off but quite similar to what expected from my hypothesis. The first two graphs (Figurer, Figurer) shows obvious decrease in absorbency as the times increases. The rest of two other graphs (Figurer, Figurer) show how the reaction rates are different at various temperatures and pH levels. Within the information given, my hypothesis of optimal temperature of -amylase would occur at 40. The actual graph shows (Figurer) that optimal rate was at 55. By looking at the graph in Figure 2, I could tell that 55 has the stiffest slope out of all different temperatures. This result was 15 off from what I expected from my hypothesis. For the optimal pH level, the graph in Figure 4 shows that optimal point is at 4. 5. This was very close with my prediction since my hypothesis stated the optimal pH level at around 4. Since, weve done this laboratory experimental only once I could not declare that the result was accurate. Also, an error might have been occurred during this experiment. Those errors occurred from lack of laboratory experiences.

Symbolism essays

Symbolism essays In the novel To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee, symbolism is the key literary device. Symbolism is when one thing stands for another. It is a sin to kill a mockingbird. This is because mockingbirds do not harm anything, they just sing to you. The mockingbird symbolized both Tom Robinson and Boo Radley. Tom Robinson was a respected black man. He supported his family by working hard. He even took time to help others. Tom helped Mayella Ewell even though he had his own chores to do. Mayella took Toms kindness for granted. When Mayella did not get what she wanted from Tom, she tried to get rid of him. She did not want to remember she tempted a Negro, and he turned away from her. Mr. Underwood simply figured it was a sin to kill cripples, be they standing, sitting, or escaping. He likened Toms death to the senseless slaughter of songbirds by hunters and children. Tom Robinson only tried to help Mayella Ewell, he never thought of hurting her. Boo the mockingbird also symbolized Radley. Boo was isolated I his house for most of his life. He kept to himself and never bothered anyone. Mr. Finch, taking the one man whos done you and this town a great service an draggin him with his shy ways into the limelight- to me thats a sin. Boo had always stayed away from people. Now tha t he saved Jem and Scout, people would be going to his house bringing him food. That would be awful for Boo because he does not like to be around people. Boo is like a mockingbird because he never bothered anyone. He did help by saving Jem and Scout from Bob Ewell. It is wrong to hurt something that has never done anything wrong. Just like it is a sin to kill a mockingbird, an innocent man, and a seclude person. ...

Answer the questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Answer the questions - Coursework Example litical, and aristocratic norms of the Enlightenment Age; thus, it was initiated by the need for the rationalization of scientific world (Holborn 411). The period was strongly rationalized by music, visual art, and literature thereby influencing education, historiography, and the natural science. Furthermore, it is worth noting the period was strongly associated with radicalism and liberalism both of which affect the growth and development of nationalism (Holborn 681). To the poet, the period led to the emphasis in emotional poetry thereby making poets to be experienced more on the aesthetic values of their artworks. Artworks were highly appreciated during this period thereby making folk arts to be given noble status. The 1800 poets revived the medievalism so that they could leave population growth, industrialism, and urban sprawl. Gordon A. Craig wrote much on the rise and fall of Germany. In his contribution, he noted the contribution of numerous female authors including Marlene Deitrich. Was born on 27 December 1901 and died on 6th May 1992. She was a German actress and singer with American blood (Holborn 611. She was a self-driven character who developed her profession on her own. She wrote several publications including the 1962, 1979, 1989, and 1990 publication with her 1979 reflecting mainly on the events that took place in Germany. Wilhelm von Humboldt’s new university foundation in Berlin was mainly for field of biogeography. In laying the foundation, Wilhelm von Humboldt advocated that the foundation was to serve a long term and systematic measurement of geographic artifacts or elements. The foundation targets the contemporary meteorological and geomagnetic Measurements. Using the foundation, Wilhelm von Humboldt wanted unify the numerous and diversified scientific branches of knowledge. Notably, this work motivated the holistic universal perception of integrating entities (Holborn 812). Additionally, Humboldt’s work brought numerous professionals

Department of Homeland Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Department of Homeland Security - Essay Example The United States Department of Homeland Security is a cabinet department under the federal Government of the U.S. The main tasks of this department are to protect the United States from terrorist attacks and responding to natural disasters. This department works in order to protect the state within, at and outside its borders. The goal of this department can be defined as â€Å"to prepare, prevent and respond to domestic emergencies, particularly terrorism†.It was in 2003 that the Department of Homeland Security assumed its duties and now it is running with over 200 000 employees, being the third largest cabinet department of the United States. The formation of this department by President Bush was a response act to the September 11th attacks in the United States. The mission of the office was stated as â€Å"to develop and coordinate the implementation of a Comprehensive national strategy to secure the United States from terrorist threats or attacks. The office will coordin ate the executive branch’s efforts to detect, prepare for, prevent, protect against, respond to and recover from terrorist attacks within the United States†. As a first step to achieve their mission the department had come up with a color-coded terrorism risk advisory scale that provides â€Å"comprehensive information about the various risks to the federal, state and local authorities and to the people†. Actions will be intensified and protective measures strengthened if any area or department’s risk level rises... As a first step to achieve their mission the department had come up with a color-coded terrorism risk advisory scale that provides "comprehensive information about the various risks to the federal, state and local authorities and to the people".  Actions will be intensified and protective measures strengthened if any area or department's risk level rises. (Homeland Security) This is considered to be the largest Government reorganization since the U.S. Department of Defence was created. Any agency under the Department of Homeland Security will be housed in anyone of the four major directorates namely Border and Transportation security, Emergency of preparedness and response, Science and Technology and Information Analysis and Infrastructure protection. The Border and Transportation directorate includes representative agencies from Treasury, Justice, Transportation and Agriculture. The Emergency preparedness and response directorate brings together the Federal Emergency Management Ag ency (FEMA), the Strategic National Stockpile and the National Disaster Medical System (HHS), the Emergency, Justice and the National Domestic preparedness office. The scientific and technology directorate includes the CBRN Counter measures programs, Environmental Measurement Lab, National BW Defense Analysis center and Plum Island Animal disease center (for agriculture purpose). The Information and Infrastructure protection directorate includes the Federal Computer Incident Response Center, National Communications System, National Infrastructure Protection Center, Energy Security and Assurance program.  

Intel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Intel - Essay Example To succeed in this changing computing environment, Intel needs to focus on the following key objectives: Intel faces significant competition in the development and market acceptance of technologies and products in this environment. They are a leading provider in the PC and server segments, where they face existing and emerging competition. In the PC segment, smaller mobile devices, such as tablets and smartphones, offered by numerous vendors have become significant competitors to PCs for many usages. They are a relatively new entrant to the segments for tablets, smartphones and similar mobile devices which we believe they should focus on. After identifying the key objectives and analysing the SWOT Analysis, Intel has a distinct opportunity at this time to enter into the mobile market. Â  By entering in the mobile market, Intel can take advantage of an ever increasing demand for the newest and latest smartphones.This growing market of technology has been dominated in recent years by Apple and Samsung. Â   In a recent article, the top selling smartphones worldwide mostly consisted of Samsung and Apple products. Â  Although Apple has the highest selling product in the iPhone 5s, Samsung has the number two, three, four, eight, and ten highest selling smartphones. The Samsung Galaxy S5 is their best at the second spot. In the United States alone, iPhones are still the best seller followed by Samsung. Â  The Android is still the best platform followed by the iOS. Â  As far as OEM’s are concerned, Apple and Samsung are the two big players here in the United States. Intel is the leading semiconductor for many of the components that go into the different operating systems that are found in many of the smartphones today. Â  This is why Intel has the opportunity to step into a market that has been controlled by two companies in recent years. Â  Intel can

Molecular Functions of Secondary Targets

Molecular Functions of Secondary Targets Kasun Ratnayake Identifying the relationship between molecular functions of secondary targets and side effects of drugs Abstract Small molecule drugs can involve in unidentified secondary targets other than its primary target in vivo1. The specific binding interactions should be studied in order to identify the potential effects on certain drugs which are administered1. The identification of secondary targets of a drug could help to solve the possible mechanism of actions which are ambiguous. The characterization and identifying the molecular functions of the off targets can be done using various techniques. Olaparib and veliparib are used as anti-cancer drugs to treat ovarian and breast cancers. Both of these drugs are PARP (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase) inhibitors. In the study Veliparib is used as the model drug to investigate its secondary targets. Veliparib is in phase 2 clinical studies and found to have less side effects compared to Olaparib which is also a PARP inhibitor. Veliparib has side effects such as nausea, vomiting, dehydration, fatigue, white blood cell count decreased, hypotension, haemoglobin decreased, pyrexia, neutropenia, pneumonia, anaemia etc. Olaparib has side effects such as somnolence, fatigue, nausea, thrombocytopenia, loss of appetite etc. according to previous clinical studies. The side effects could be related to the number of secondary targets of a certain drug. If number of secondary targets of a drug is less, then it is more efficient than a drug having higher number of secondary targets for the same enzyme to be inhibited. Therefore this study could lead to find out more efficient drugs for the same disease. In the proposal, trans-cyclooctene (TCO) tagging is used with drugs to efficiently pull down the proteins. Tetrazine beads could be used to have bioorthogonal complementary reaction. A drug Veliparib which is an inhibitor of PARP (poly ADP ribose polymerase) is used as a model system to investigate protein targets. Previous studies on drug olaparib could be used to compare with the results of this drug, velaparib and identify the most effective drug to inhibit PARP with minimum number of secondary protein targets. The properties of these protein targets are identified and it is then compared to identify whether there is a relationship between the side effects of drugs and their molecular functions of the proteins. This characterization could lead to understand the mechanism of action of these drugs on different protein targets and can be used to develop more effective drugs. Also the development of new drugs with fewer side effects can improve the quality of the drugs. Specific aim Ovarian and breast cancers are some of widely distributed cancer types among people. These cancers are occurred due to the mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 human genes.5 The identification of the off target proteins can be done using two cell lines which has been used in previous studies. Ewing’s sarcoma and A2780 ovarian cancer cell lines are used because of its relation to PARP.1 The long term goal of this study will be the identification of the new potential drugs having fewer side effects for various diseases. The long term goal could be achieved by identifying the molecular functions of the secondary targets and further analysis. The short term goal would be the identification of potential anti-cancer drugs with less number of side effects. The hypothesis for the study would be that comparing the side effects with the molecular functions of the protein targets could lead to understand the mechanism of action of the drug. Further studies could be done to analyze these protein targets for different drugs. Rationale of the study can be concluded such that higher number of possible secondary targets for a certain drug could lead to more side effects. For example, if Olaparib has less number of secondary targets than that of Veliparib, then by characterizing these protein targets according to their molecular functions could tell us that there are fewer side eff ects for Olaparib with compared to Veliparib. Specific aim 1: To determine the number of secondary targets of Veliparib, characterize and compare them with that of Olaparib; interpret and relate the data to identify the side effects. The protein targets of Veliparib and Olaparib are determined using bioorthogonal approach combined with SDS-PAGE and Mass spectrometric analysis. The protein targets are then categorized according to their molecular functions and compared with side effects of the drugs. B. Significance section B1. Cancer Cancer is a disease caused due to the unwanted cell growth6. This abnormal cell multiplication can cause to grow tumors and can be spread throughout the body (figure 1). The tumors can be benign or malignant due to uncontrolled spreading of these masses or lumps. Mechanism of cancers is not yet positively identified. Various drugs have been developed to treat different types of cancers.6 B2. PARP PARP (Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase) is an enzyme involves in DNA repair mechanism in living systems.1, 4 There are several mechanisms which are involved when DNA is damaged or mutated. The cell will be survived if the repair mechanism is successful and if it’s not the cell would die. The cancer type cells are formed after the cell death. PARP is playing a major role in the DNA repair mechanism. When a DNA is damaged PARP is activated on the damaged site of the DNA and involves with other proteins to furbish the DNA (figure2). It is important to study the mechanism of PARP because it involves in formation of cancer cells. The inhibition of PARP could lead to alter the DNA repair mechanism and hence it could prevent the formation of cancer cells. B3. Veliparib and Olaparib Veliparib (figure 3) is a small molecule drug which is developed to treat breast and ovarian cancer. It is a PARP inhibitor. Veliparib has successfully undergone phase 1 clinical trials and currently involving in phase 2 clinical trials2. Various number of side effects are reported for Veliparib according to the studies3. Olaparib (figure 4) is a pharmaceutical drug developed to treat ovarian and breast cancer. It is said to be inhibit PARP and involved in slowing down the growth of cancer cells. Olaparib is reported to have started its phase 3 clinical trials. Recent findings show that it has fewer side effects than the other similar drugs which are used as anti-cancer drugs involved as PARP inhibitors. B4. This proposal Previous studies have been done with â€Å"Olaparib†.1,4 The Weissleder group has identified possible secondary protein targets of Olaparib and has characterized them. They have done a DNA relaxation assay to identify the drug binding affinity of drug with TOP2A, an identified secondary target protein which is involved in DNA unwinding activity in transcription. The DNA unwinding activity is not affected by the drug Olaparib. Yet, it is important to do molecular function studies for other identified secondary targets to determine whether there is any correlation with side effect of the drug and molecular functions of the secondary targets. In this proposal Veliparib is used as the model drug and the number of secondary targets of Veliparib could be found according to bioorthogonal approach which is used in previous studies. The potential secondary target proteins then identified using different techniques such as SDS-PAGE, Liquid chromatograpy and Mass spectroscopy. The experiments are done with the characterized protein targets and possible molecular functions are identified which could be related to side effects of the certain drug. Characterization of off target protein would be done for both Velaparib and Olaparib. The molecular functions and its relativeness with side effects of both drugs may be compared. It can be hypothesized that, the drug having less number of secondary targets is more efficient with fewer side effects than a drug having higher number of secondary targets which could lead to have more side effects. C. Innovation The comparison of number of secondary targets of drug can lead to investigate the side effects of that drug. The more efficient drug would be the one with less number of secondary targets. The clinical data bases could be used to get reliable patient records for analyzing the side effects. To achieve the goal prior work should be done to identify off targets of Veliparib and Olaparib using bioorthogonal approach. Further studies could be done in vitro and in vivo to analyzed the effects of these drugs. D. Research Plan D1. Specific aim 1: To determine the number of secondary targets of Veliparib and compare them with that of Olparib; interpret and relate the data to identify the side effects. D1.a. Rationale Olparib has been used in phase 3 clinical studies to treat prostate and breast cancer and more side effects have identified. It has higher number of possible secondary targets according to previous work (table 1)1. Veliparib has also been used in phase 2 clinical trials but lesser number of side effects has been reported. If Veliparib has less number of side effects then it should have less number of secondary targets than Olaparib. Methods 1. Synthesis of drug conjugates and cleavable linker The drug conjugates will be synthesized for both Olaparib and Velaparib. These drugs would contain bioorthogonal functionalities that can be used to effectively pull down the primary and secondary targets of a cell lysate. MHH-ES1 Ewing’s sarcoma and A2780 cell lines will be used here based on the previous studies. The cleavable linker could be synthesized using tetrazine functionality for bioorthogonal pulldown of TCO-drug from cell lysates. 2. Bioorthogonal pulldown of protein targets and characterization Bioorthogonal approach will be done to selectively pulldown the protein targets of TCO-modified Veliparib and Olaparib. Streptavidin magnetic beads decorated with synthesized cleavable linker is used for target pulldown. SDS-PAGE analysis will be done to identify the primary and secondary targets of Veliparib and olaparib. LC-MS/MS analysis is done to characterize the identified protein targets from cell lysates. The expected results are as follows according to previous studies.1 3. Comparison of the side effects of with the molecular functions : Olaparib vs Velaparib For both cell lines (OV and ES: refer table 1), AP2 complex and 60S ribosomal protein (RL4) will be expected to pulled down as secondary targets for both Veliparib and Olaparib. Further studies will be done to identify the effects of drugs on these proteins as a preliminary study. Relaxtion assays, immunoprecipitation assays, etc. can be done for those proteins. Then the relationship between their molecular function and side effects of the drugs could be co-related. Alternative hypothesis The side effects of a certain pharmaceutical drug can be caused due to many factors. It might not mainly due to the secondary protein targets of that drug. It might be due to alteration in physiological conditions of the biological system. The drug binding interaction with certain metal elements could be a possible factor in some diseases. The alterations in RNA and DNA binding interaction could also be lead to side effects of a drug. Therefore, understanding such changes in biological system could lead to new strategies for drug designing processes. Future directions There are various kinds of drugs which used as PARP inhibitors. A complete set of data would be needed to identify and characterize the secondary targets of those drugs. The most effective drug for cancer treatment could be identified based on that data. The methods which have been applied to identify these protein targets could be developed for other pharmaceutical drugs as well. It will define a new approach to compare the side effect of a specific drug with molecular functions of its secondary target proteins. References Yang et al, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2013, 52, 10593-10597 A Phase 1 Study of Chronically-Dosed, Single-Agent ABT-888 in Patients With Either BRCA 1/2 -Mutated Cancer; Platinum-Refractory Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, or Primary Peritoneal Cancer; or Basal-Like Breast Cancer  (http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00892736) http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/search/view?cdrid=579626version=healthprofessional Curr Probl Cancer. , 2011, 35(1): 7–50. Ford, Deborah, et al., The American Journal of Human Genetics, 1998, 62, 676-689. Miller et al, Reporting results of cancer treatment, Cancer, 1981, 47(1), 207-214. http://www.medicalook.com/Cancer/ http://healthinfoispower.wordpress.com/2010/11/17/

Ernest Hemingway’s A Moveable Feast Essay -- Ernest Hemingway A Moveab

Ernest Hemingway’s A Moveable Feast In Ernest Hemingway’s A Moveable Feast he tells the tale of his early career and life in Paris. He tells of his meetings with famous writers, poets, and the times that they had. He spoke especially of Scott Fitzgerald, Gertrude Stein, and Ezra Pound. He did have a tendency to portray them a little bit unfairly. He was a little critical of them because of the fact that he shared so much time with them. Usually when people spend lots of time with each other they begin to be annoyed by their habits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first of the authors he spoke of was Gertrude Stein. He portrayed her as a talkative, outgoing, and somewhat overbearing person. She was very critical about writing. She said that she really liked most of his writing, but he could tell she didn’t understand his idea of prose. She was kind of uppity and would talk about paintings and art a lot. She told him that you could do one of two things. Either buy nice clothes, or buy nice paintings. She herself opted for the paintings. All in all he liked her and enjoyed her company, but he grew apart from her after a while.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second writer he talked about was Ezra Pound. He begins his chapter on Ezra Pound by saying that he â€Å"was always a good friend and he was always doing things for people';. He also said that Ezra was a kinder and more Christian person with people than Ernest was. He was very impressed by how Ezra could write so perfectly and hit things just right. He was ve...